Philosophy Basics
Utilitarianism
An ethical framework that reduces the question "is this action right or wrong?" down to a single practical calculation: does it produce more overall good than harm?
Ancient Greek Philosophy
Nearly everything known about Socrates, one of history's most influential thinkers, comes secondhand — he never wrote a single word of his own philosophy down.
Existentialism
A philosophical movement built on the unsettling starting premise that the universe doesn't come with a built-in instruction manual for what your life is supposed to mean.
Kantian Ethics
An ethical framework that judges an action right or wrong based on a single test: could you honestly want everyone on Earth to follow that exact same rule?
Stoicism
An ancient philosophy whose most famous surviving text was written by a Roman emperor, purely as private notes to himself, never originally intended for anyone else to read.